Subject: ,,EMF,,(H) Melatonin.......
Date: Tue, 1 Jul 1997 061002 -0500 (CDT)
From: "Roy L. Beavers" <rbeavers@mail.llion.org>
To: Multiple recipients of list <emf-l@mail.llion.org>
--------------------------------------------------
Hi Everybody:
Some weeks ago we had a question about melatonin and its connection
to the EMF health hazard. At that time, guru supplied the "short"
answer. What follows is the complete answer -- written by Don Maisch
of Australia......
Cheerio.......
Roy Beavers (EMFguru)
rbeavers@mail.llion.org.........http://www.feb.se/EMF-L/EMF-L.html
...............................It is better to light a single candle ...
than to curse the darkness...............................................
---------- Forwarded message ----------
Date: Tue, 1 Jul 1997 17:56:29 +1000
From: Don Maisch
To: rbeavers@mail.llion.org
Subject: Melatonin -- Final version!
Dear Roy:
Greetings from Tasmania. I have been so busy that my silence on e-mail may
be mistaken for a lack of effort. I can reassure you that this is not the
case!
Following is the final version of my report on the subject. Please feel
free to use it as you see fit. I have been sending it to oncologists,
cancer support groups, unions and other interested groups.
I pick up the next issue of my newsletter from the printers tomorrow and
will post off your copy. The third issue is going to the printers next
week and then I will be up to date! I'm finding out just how time consuming
it is to produce a newsletter!
Regards......
Don
*******************************************************************************
*
MELATONIN, TAMOXIFEN, 50 - 60 HERTZ ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AND BREAST
CANCER
IN REFERENCE TO
THE INTERNATIONAL BREAST CANCER INTERVENTION STUDY
prepared by
Don Maisch
EMFacts Information Service
PO Box 96, North Hobart
Tasmania, 7002
e-mail: emfacts@tassie.net.au
June 1997
According to recent statistics, breast cancer in Australia effects one in
14 women, kills one in 27 and is increasing at a rate of 3% annually. These
figures reflect a growing community concern and as a consequence, in 1995
the Federal Government allocated $3 million over a 3 year period, solely
for breast cancer studies.
It is unfortunate however, that apparently no current Australian breast
cancer research is examining the growing evidence that low level exposures
to 50-60 hertz electromagnetic fields (EMF) may block melatonin's ability
to suppress breast cancer cells and reduce the pineal gland's nocturnal
production of melatonin, thereby increasing susceptibility to breast
cancer. This evidence is supported by both human and laboratory studies,
some of which are summarised in this paper. Many of these studies are still
awaiting the peer review process and as such do not yet constitute part of
the body of substantiated scientific evidence, often referred to by
national and international expert regulatory groups. The peer review
process can take years to complete.
Considering the prevalence of breast cancer in western society and the
extensive body of evidence pointing to a connection with EMF exposure, it
is the position of this paper that with breast cancer patients, avoiding
excessive EMF exposure should be part of the treatment, under the
Precautionary Principal, which in this case could be defined as:
The precautionary principal should guide decision-makers when confronted by
potential threats to human health. The lack of full scientific certainty
should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to prevent exposure
to these potential threats. If measures generally reducing exposure can be
taken at reasonable expense and with reasonable consequences in all other
respects, an effort should be made to reduce exposures to a level below
that level which evidence indicates may be harmful to health.
***************
Melatonin
Both human and animal circadian rhythms are driven by the day/night cycle
and are synchronized with natural geomagnetic electromagnetic fields. The
major control gland over this natural cycle is the pineal gland and its
secretion of the neurohormone melatonin. During the day light falling on
the eye's retina produces signals which are biochemically amplified to
stimulate the pineal gland to reduce its melatonin output. At night the
absence of light with sleep stimulates the pineal gland to produce
melatonin. The circadian production of melatonin is thought to control
important processes in the eyes, including restoration of rods (for night
vision) at the end of the night, and renewal of cones (for colour vision)
at the end of the day. One theory on how man made EMF's may affect the
pineal gland is that the pineal gland may 'sense' EMF's as light and
therefore reduce melatonin production. A possible cause for this effect is
from insoluble granular material contained within the pineal gland.
Research by Dr. Sidney Lang, an expert on piezoelectricity, which is the
production of electric fields by pressure on crystalline structures, has
shown that the pineal gland has piezoelectrical activity. Dr Lang
hypothesizes that this activity is a function of this granular material and
if so it may be responding to narrow wave lenghts. ( 1 )
Once melatonin is produced, it's ability to pass through the cell membrane
allows it to pass directly into the blood stream. Once in the blood
melatonin has access to every cell in the body where it passes through the
cell membrane to the cell nucleus, which has receptors for it. A few cell
membranes also have receptors for melatonin, which may control the 24 hour
circadian rhythm of the endocrine system.
In the cell nucleus melatonin plays a role in regulating gene expression.
The ability of melatonin to enter all cells is also essential for one of
the other important functions of melatonin, which is to act as a scavenger
of highly toxic oxygen-based free radicals. The production of these free
radicals is a consequence of the utilization of oxygen by all organisms.
About 1 - 2% of inspired oxygen ends up as toxic free radicals which can
damage macromolecules such as DNA, proteins and lipids. This damage is
referred to as oxidative stress.
Because of its ability to eliminate free radicals, melatonin is probably
the most efficient natural cell protection and oncostatic agent in our
bodies. At night, melatonin production floods our bodies, eliminating the
build up of free radicals that are being produced, allowing the DNA
synthesis and cell division to occur with a far lower chance of damage and
hence producing more healthy cells. Melatonin also dampens the release of
estrogen, prolonged exposure to which may increase the risk of breast
cancer. ( 2 )
Tamoxifen
Tamoxifen, which is the most widely used therapy for treatment of breast
cancer, has proven effective in treating breast cancer in its early
stages, is also used by over one million women throughout the world who
have had breast cancer, to prevent its recurrence.
Electromagnetic Fields (EMF)
In 1987 Stephens et al. in the paper, Electric power use and breast
cancer; a hypothesis, suggested that electromagnetic fields (EMF's) reduce
melatonin production by the pineal gland and that melatonin suppresses the
development of breast cancer. ( 3 )
Other researchers have also hypothesized that the possible suppression of
melatonin by electromagnetic fields may provide a single mechanism for
explaining how number of different types of cancer could be promoted by
EMF's, however this suggestion has been hotly debated due to the previous
failure to replicate several key studies. Replication is a key step in the
scientific method for it takes an unproven hypothesis to a significant
conclusion which can be acted upon.
Research in 1993 by Liburdy, et al. found that melatonin reduces the
growth rate of human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) in culture, but that a
12mG 60 Hz magnetic field can block the ability of melatonin to inhibit
breast cancer cell growth. ( 4 )
This study has now been replicated four times. It is this replication and
the three human exposure studies also mentioned herein, that have
significant implications for the successful treatment of breast cancer and
calls for immediate action from researchers and oncologists alike. The
failure to do so, under the excuse of "more research needs to be done" is
not acting in the best interests of breast cancer patients, to say the
least.
In June 1996 at the 18 th. Annual Meeting of the Bioelectromagnetics
Society (BEMS) the following three replicated studies were presented
which have important implications in the treatment of breast cancer, and by
implication other cancer types as well.
1) ELF INHIBITION OF MELATONIN AND TAMOXIFEN ACTION ON MCF-7 CELL
PROLIFERATION; FIELD PARAMETERS. J.D. Harland and R.P. Liburdy. Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley,
California, USA.
This study was designed to define the parameters by which a 12 milli-Gauss
(mG) 60 Hz magnetic field can block the inhibitory action of melatonin
and Tamoxifen, a widely used drug treatment for breast cancer. They found
that a 12 mG field can significantly reduce the growth inhibitory action of
melatonin and Tamoxifen on human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) in culture.
"Preliminary experiments suggest that at least three days exposure
at 12mG is necessary to block the cytostatic action of Tamoxifen (from 27%
growth inhibition, p<0.0001; to 5% growth inhibition, p>0.5 ) indicating
that prolonged 12mG exposure may be required. This appears to be
consistent with a "slow"interaction mechanism. This result also raises
the possibility of field effects that may be cell cycle dependent, since
measurable effects appear to be delayed or reversible until cell division
begins. In addition, all field magnitudes of 12 mG or higher that have been
tested thus far (12mG, 20mG, 1Gauss) have been effective at blocking
melatonin." ( 5 )
A lower field of 2mG did not have any significant effect, suggesting a
threshold might exist between 2 and 12 mG.
2) INDEPENDENT REPLICATION OF THE 12-MG. MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECT ON
MELATONIN AND MCF-7 CELLS IN VITRO. C.F.Blackman, S.G. Benane, D.E. House
and J.P. Blanchard. National Health & Environmental Effects Research
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, USA.
This study was specifically designed to attempt to replicate the previous
study, with the cooperation of the originating laboratory. The results
independently confirmed the previous study's findings. As follows:
1) Melatonin can inhibit the growth of human breast cancer cells MCF-7 in
culture.
2) A 12 mG 60 Hz magnetic field can completely block melatonin's
oncostatic action.
The authors of this study believe these results are particularly
significant because these findings represent the first replication of a key
magnetic bioeffect, and that these two studies represents a foundation for
theorists to generate "testable" hypotheses for biological mechanisms of
interaction. ( 6 )
3) INHIBITION OF MELATONIN'S ACTION OF MCF-7 CELL PROLIFERATION BY
MAGNETIC FIELDS ASSOCIATED WITH VIDEO DISPLAY TERMINALS: A
PRELIMINARY STUDY. S.M.J. Afzal and R.P. Liburdy. Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, University of California, USA.
This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that ELF and VLF magnetic
fields associated with Video Display Terminals (VDT's) influence human
breast cancer cell growth in vitro by altering melatonin's natural
oncostatic activity. This hypothesis was based on the findings of the two
previously mentioned studies.
The conclusions of this study appear to suggest that 12 mG VDT magnetic
fields also inhibit the oncostatic action of melatonin in vitro and that
the magnetic field component was the operative factor in the 12 mG 60 Hz
exposures. Preliminary data from two seperate experiments indicated
significant growth inhibition (33% and 22%) on day 6 in the 2 mG magnetic
field conditions.( 7 )
A fourth replication study of a 12 mG effect on MCF-7 breast cancer cells
was presented at San Antonio Texas in Nov.1996 by Dr Richard Luben, as
follows:
4) REPLICATION OF 12 mG EMF EFFECTS ON MELATONIN RESPONSES OF MCF-7 BREAST
CANCER CELLS IN VITRO . R.A. Luben, S.Saraiya and A.P. Morgan. Division
of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California
92521, USA.
The objective of this study was to replicate, with the cooperation of the
originating laboratories, the studies conducted by Liburdy and Blackman.
They "found that exposure of breast cancer cells to 12 mG 60 Hz EMF induced
a reproductable net increase (mean +28%, p<0.001) in the growth rate of
MCF-7 cells treated with a physiological dose of melatonin. This
constitutes a replication of the observations reported previously by
Liburdy and Blackman, in that EMF produced a blocking of the
anti-cell-growth effects of melatonin. There are some variations between
our findings and theirs: . . ."Nevertheless, the net differences between
(melatonin+EMF)and (melatonin-EMF) groups is both qualitatively and
quantitively consistent in all the studies. . ." ( 8 )
It does not necessarily mean that these in vitro study conclusions can be
directly applied to breast cancer patients. However it is important to
note that some recent human exposure studies also indicate a melatonim/EMF
effect, and that levels of 12 mG or higher can be routinely encountered in
daily life, for example, electric blankets can give emissions in excess of
12 mG. Sleeping with an electric blanket on is a special concern, as it is
at night that the pineal gland, located near the centre of the brain,
produces melatonin. In the study by Liburdy and Harland, indications were
that a prolonged exposure may be required, which is a further possible
implication of electric blanket use while sleeping.
In a study by Yaofei Liu and Dr. Indra Chatterjee at the University of
Nevada they found that with electric blankets, "The average current density
(induced in the body) in the head is higher than the torso because of the
smaller cross section of the head."( 9 )
Studies by B. Wilson et al at Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory have
shown that melatonin synthesis is altered by exposure of animals to ELF
electromagnetic fields, and he and others have proposed that disruption of
the normal daily cycles of melatonin synthesis could be a risk factor for
human breast cancer. ( 10 ) Battelle is currently running a replication
study on the above mentioned three studies.
In a soon to be published follow up study by Dr. Henry Lai and Dr. Narendra
Singh, who earlier found single and double strand DNA breaks in rats
exposed to low level radiofrequency radiation (RFR) after a single two hour
exposure, the treatment of either melatonin or a free radical scavenger
(PBN) to the exposed rats immediately before and after RFR exposure
prevented the DNA damage. ( 11 ) This indicates the importance of melatonin
in DNA repair mechanisms, and therefore in cancer suppression, but not
that the RFR is effecting is the rats own pineal melatonin production. The
current body of evidence examines Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) 50-60 Hz
fields and its effects on melatonin. At this point in time evidence for a
similar effect from RFR does not exist. ( 12 )
In a study by Tan et al in 1993, rats were injected with a chemical
carcinogen, Safrole which damages DNA by inducing the production of large
numbers of free radicals. Rats injected with Safrole were found to have
extensive DNA damage after 24 hours. When melatonin was also injected, the
DNA damage was reduced by 99%. ( 13 )
A preliminary study of 60 workers at a Finnish garment factory found "a
highly significant effect"of EMF's in reducing nocturnal melatonin levels.
Magnetic field measurements were taken for the two types of machines used
in the factory and operators were assigned to high or low exposure groups,
based on the type of machine they were using, with average exposures
either above of below 10 milliGauss. Unexposed non industrial workers were
used as controls.
The results of this study found strong effects of both magnetic field
exposure and smoking on night time levels of melatonin. No difference was
found in melatonin levels on week nights and Sunday nights, indicating
"that the possible suppression caused by magnetic field exposure is
chronic, with little recovery during the weekend." (14 ) - consistent with
the effect of chronic electric field exposure in the rat experiments of
Wilson et al. (1986) ( 15 )
In a study of 192 electric utility workers, Drs. John Reif and James Burch,
from the Colorado State University, found that some EMF exposures are
associated with lower levels of melatonin. They found a significant
association between magnetic field exposures and lower daytime melatonin
levels on the second and third of three days of measurement. The lack of
an effect on the first day (following a weekend or equivalent) may indicate
a cumulative effect of exposure.
Some studies have suggested that EMF effects on melatonin may depend on
whether the field is continuous or intermittent. Reif and Burch found that
magnetic fields in the home that were "temporally coherent"(less
intermittent) had a very significant association with lower melatonin
levels at night. They concluded that, "The intensity and temporal
characteristics of magnetic fields appear to be involved in melatonin
suppression." ( 16 )
Office workers who used computer monitors (VDU's) had a significant
reduction in circulating levels of melatonin over a course of the working
day, according to a study by researchers Drs. Bengt Arnetz of the
Karolinska Institute, and Mats Berg of the Karolinska Hospital in Stockholn
Sweden. No such change was found during days at the office with no VDU
use. According to the researchers; "This suggests that there is a direct
impact from the electromagnetic environment of the VDU on levels of
melatonin."
Levels of a different hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), went up
during the working day and this showed a strong correlation with worker's
subjective assessment of mental strain. Arnetz and Berg note that ACTH is
"known as a classic stress hormone that reacts to mental strain." But in
contrast, "occupational strain did not correlate with melatonin levels." (
17 )
This finding supports the Boston University breast cancer study, in which
Patrica Coogan and co-workers found a 43% increase in breast cancer among
women with a high potential for occupational exposures to magnetic fields,
notably those working with main-frame computers. In an interview with
Microwave News , Coogan said,"This study lends credence to the idea that
EMF's might influence breast cancer." ( 18 )
Not all human exposure studies found a melatonin reduction effect. A study
by Dr. Charles Graham et al at the Midwest Research Laboratory in Kansas
City, MO. conducted for the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI),
found that a continuous 60 Hz, 200 mG magnetic field applied to people
while they slept had no effect on nocturnal melatonin levels.
In a similar study published in 1994, Graham found no overall effect for
intermittent EMF exposures, however, date from that study showed that men
with preexisting low levels of melatonin had even lower levels when exposed
to EMF's, suggesting that a person's prior melatonin level may be an
important factor. Later research by Graham failed to replicate this finding
however.
Graham cautions against a conclusion that EMF's do not effect melatonin.
He points out that all of the volunteers in his studies were "healthy young
men", and that the types of EMF's with which people come in contact in an
industrialised society are much more varied than those created in the
carefully controlled MRI exposure facility. (19)
In relation to this, Dr John Reif of Colorado State University
comments,"Most natural observations appear to find melatonin changes, while
controlled lab studies tend not to. . . In a general way, I'm concerned
that the controlled lab trials may not mimic exposures in the real
world."(20)
The International Breast Cancer Intervention Study
This study, which has been running for five years now, is aimed at
discovering if the drug Tamoxifen can help prevent the disease in those who
have not yet developed it but are at increased risk.
Women from the UK, Europe, New Zealand and Australia are participating in
the study, which is open to women aged between 35 and 70 who have a strong
family history of breast cancer.
Those aged 45 to 70 must have had a close family member diagnosed with
breast cancer at the age of 50 or under, or in both breasts at any age, or
must have two close blood relatives who have had breast cancer at any age.
Those aged 35 to 45 must have had a close family member diagnosed with
breast cancer before 40 or at least two close blood relatives who have had
breast cancer before 50.
Each participant is encouraged to continue with the study for 5 years.
During that time they take one tablet, which is either Tamoxifen or a
placebo, each day and receive a clinical assessment every six months and a
mammogram each year. If Tamoxifen is proved effective it could ultimately
be provided to women at increased risk.
Considering the above mentioned studies, especially the study by Liburdy
and Harland, ELF Inhibition of Melatonin and Tamoxifen Action On MCF-7 Cell
Proliferation; Field Parameters, which found that a 12 mG magnetic field
can significantly reduce the growth inhibitory action of melatonin and
Tamoxifen, participants EMF exposures should be included in the
International Breast Cancer Intervention Study as a possible confounding
factor.
If EMF exposures are a possible confounding factor, the statistical model
for analysis of the study should take into account this possible factor.
If not, the possible EMF factor may put enough statistical noise to the
study that the conclusions may well be affected as the effectiveness of
Tamoxifen may be reduced in those participants with relevant EMF exposures.
If environmental EMF's, and electric blanket use are a confounding factor,
this should be possible to check by questioning the subjects on their
habits, maybe even taking home and workplace EMF exposure readings. If
some participants are found to be exposed to prolonged EMF exposures in the
order of 2 to 12 milliGauss (there appears to be a dose-response
relationship from 2 to 12 milliGauss) it may be necessary to advise them to
avoid these exposures.
It may also be advisable to do actual measurements of melatonin levels in
those subjects identified as being prone to breast cancer. Women with
breast cancer have shown a lower nocturnal increase in melatonin levels
than control women. (21)
In the September 1996 issue of Epidemiology, Susan Preston-Martin
reviews much of the data on topic. She also calls for including melatonin
levels in breast cancer risk assessment studies and for obtaining an ELF
exposure history.
A possible avenue for research would be to determine if the use of
melatonin would have a similar protective effect as Tamoxifen, as breast
cancer patients may have a better prognosis if their melatonin levels are
high.(22)
Also on the Liburdy and Harland study: what do Tamoxifen and melatonin have
in common, and why is their effectiveness mitigated by exposure to EMF's?
Professor Russell Reiter who has been researching the effects of EMF's on
melatonin production has done a review paper on this subject. This review
paper was prompted by a number of epidemiological studies in which an
increased incidence of cancer was reported in individuals living or working
in an environment of higher than normal artificial electromagnetic fields.
His paper extract concludes with the following observation:
"Reduction of melatonin at night, by any means, increases cell's
vulnerability to alteration by carcinogenic agents. Thus,
if in fact artificial electromagnetic field exposure increases the
incidence of cancer in humans, a plausible mechanism could involve a
reduction in melatonin which is a consequence of such exposures."
Dr. Reiter also notes:
" Epidemiologists should look for other possible changes,
including psychological depression, fatigue, sleep
inefficiency, chronic feelings of jet lag, endocrine disturbances and
other symptoms; all these may result from a chronically low
melatonin rhythm." ( 23 )
As a result of his latest study Dr. Reiter now proposes that melatonin is
"more rapidly taken up into tissues during the exposure." He noted that if
EMF's result in higher levels of free radicals, then an antioxidant like
melatonin "would disappear from the blood more quickly than is normal
because it would be required for the scavenging of free radicals." (24)
If Reiter's hypothesis is correct, then prolonged exposures may tax the
pineal gland's ability to maintain adequate levels of melatonin to cope
with the extra stress created by EMF exposure, and also Tamoxifen's
ability to inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells.
****************************
REFERENCES
1) E-mail correspondence with Dr. John Goldsmith, Head of the Epidemiology
and Health Services Evaluation UNIT, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben
Gurion
University, Isreal. He is author of Epidemiologic Evidence of
Radiofrequency
Radiation (Microwave) Effects on Health in Military, Broadcasting, and
Occupational Studies. (1995)
2) Cherry N. (1997) Potential and Actual Effects of Radiofrequency and
Microwave Radiation at levels Near and Below 2uW/cm2 . p.10 - 13.
3) Stevens R.G. (1987) Electric power use and breast cancer: a hypothesis ,
American J Epidemiol., 125: p.556 - 561.
4) Liburdy R.P. et al (1993) ELF magnetic fields, breast cancer and
melatonin:
60 Hz fields block melatonin's oncostatic action on ER+ breast cancer cell
proliferation. Journal of Pineal research, 14 (2): p.89 - 97.
5) Harland J.D., Liburdy R.P. (1996) ELF Inhibition of Melatonin and
Tamoxifen
Action on MCF-7 Cell Proliferation: Field Parameters. BEMS Meeting
Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Abstract A-1-1.
6) Blackman C.F. et al (1996) Independent Replication of the 12 mG Magnetic
Field Effect on Melatonin and MCF-7 Cells in vitro. BEMS Meeting,
Victoria
British Columbia, Canada. Abstract A-1-2.
7) Liburdy R.P., Afzay S.M.J. (1996) Inhibition of Melatonin's Action
ofMCF-7
Cell Proliferation by Magnetic Fields Associated with Video Display
Terminals: A Preliminary Study. BEMS Meeting, Victoria, British
Columbia,
Canada Abstract A-1-3.
8) Luben R.A., Saraiya S. and Morgan A.P. (1996) Replication of 12mG EMF
Effects on Melatonin Responses of MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells in vitro ,
Annual
Review of Research on Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields
from
the Generation, Delivery & Use of Electricity, San Antonio, Texas;
Nov.
19 - 21 1996. Abstract A-1.
9) Health Physics , Nov. 1996, p. 676-684.
10) EMF Health Report, (Information Ventures, Inc.) Jan/Feb. 1997, p. 7.
11) E-mail abstract of paper by Henry Lai, (in press) Bioelectromagnetics.
12) E-mail correspondence with Dr. John Goldsmith, as above.
13) Cherry N. (1997) Potential nd Actual Effects of Radiofrequency and
Microwave Radiation at levels Near and Below 2uW/cm2. p.14.
14) Microwave News, Mar/Apr. 1997, p. 3-4.
15) Wilson B.W., Chess E.K. and Anderson L.E. (1986) 60 Hz Electric Field
Effects on Pineal Melatonin Rhythms: Time Course and Onset of Recovery.
Bioelectromagnetics, 7:p. 239-242.
16) Microwave News, as above.
17) Microwave News, as above.
18) Coogan P.F. et al (1996) Occupational Exposure to 60 -Hertz Magnetic
Fields and Risk of Breast Cancer in Women. Epidemiology; 7:p.459-464.
also: Microwave News, Sept/Oct. 1996, p.1.
19) Microwave News, as above.
20) Microwave News, as above.
21) Stevens R.G. (1987) Electric power use and breast cancer: a hypothesis
,
American J Epidemiol., 125: p.556 - 561.
22) Stevens R.G., Davis S., Thomas D.B., AndersonL.E., Wilson B.W.(1992)
Electric Power, Pineal Function and the Risk of Breast Cancer: A
Hypothesis
FASEB J.6: p. 853-860.
23) Reiter RJ., (1994) Melatonin Suppression by Static and Extremely Low
Frequency Electromagnetic Fields: Relationship to the Reported
increased
incidence of cancer, Reviews on Environmental Health.
10(3-4):p.171-186.
24 ) Microwave News, as above.
copyright June 1997
Don Maisch
EMFacts Information Service
PO Box 96, North Hobart
Tasmania
PH: (03) 6243 0195 Fax: (03) 6243 0340
**home page** http://www.tassie.net.au/emfacts/
Archive provided courtesy of WaveGuide, http://www.wave-guide.org
Reprinted with permission of Roy Beavers, http://www.feb.se/EMF-L/EMF-L.html