An informal overview of the controversy about possible biological effects of non-ionizing electro-magnetic radiation, with links to other resources.
Netscape 2.0 Enhanced
NOTICE: This version of WaveGuide is in the process of being phased-out, please do not bookmark it. You probably got here from the new version, which at the address this page used to be at. In a few more weeks, this page will be gone.
"Science is a hard taskmaster, and in the light of mounting evidence that suggestions of toxicity are for the most part ultimately confirmed by painstaking scientific inquiry, perhaps it is time to reexamine whether scientific standards of proof of causality - and waiting for the bodies to fall - ought not to give way to more preventative health policies that are satisfied by more realistic conventions and that lead to action sooner."
From an editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine, April 1987
elcome to Wave Guide!
Okay, let's get it straight right up front, I ain't perfect.
I have no training in medicine, or bioelectromagnetics, and a very
little in engineering. What qualifies me to maintain a Web-site on
Non-Ionizing Electro-Magnetic Radiation (NIEMR) Bioeffects?
Good question. Maybe I care about people, maybe that is enough.
Maybe I have a personal interest in this issue, (click here to find out.)
All that is required of me is to find potentially valuable links, and
organize them in a manner that I feel makes the content accessable to people.
The responsibility for credibility of the links lies with whomever maintains the sites I provide links to.
ruth is relative!
At least if you spend much time researching this issue; the same
study is occasionally cited by opposing arguments, to support countering
points of view! The current state of understanding is far from complete.
Research is being done to determine what to research. In the mean time,
one can try to stay informed about what is going on. But when there seems to
be little consensus among "experts" in the field, (except calling for more
research), where does the lay-person go for information?
he purpose of this site is to assist people looking for
information about Bioeffects of NIEMR. I am trying to provide links to a wide range of
perspectives on this issue. Some will contain scary information, others might allow you
to live in denial. What I am hoping is that by examining the full spectrum of available
information, a person will be able to develop their own informed perspective.
If you object to my editorial policy, then ignore my editorial,
but use the links. Some are of peer-reviewed quality. Some might be from "the fringe", but
in areas of controversy, sometimes it is required to give audience to a wider range of
perspectives, in order to arrive closer to the "truth." Use this information,
flame me,
or just go away. Easy enough, huh? And let me know if you find errors in fact
on my page, (or on any of the links I've provided.)
Skip the editorial, bud. I want to see the links.
Technically, what we are talking about is NIEMR Bioeffects; the Effects of Non-Ionizing Electro-Magnetic Radiation on Biological systems, (like humans.) There is currently a great deal of controversy surrounding this subject. NIEMR covers a broad spectrum of electro-magnetic (EM) radiation, from frequencies as low as your 60Hz house current, to the frequencies used for radio and television broadcast, cell phones, satellite communications, and on through visible light. These are exotic types of electromagnetic radiation, completely different than earth's natural magnetosphere. Different parts of the EM spectrum are the subjects of several debates on biological effects; particularly the extremely low frequencies, (ELFs) associated with power distribution systems, and the radio-frequencies, (RF) associated with communications equipment such as cellular telephones.
There is a distinction made between IONIZING radiation, which has enough energy to physically break chemical bonds at the molecular level, and NON-IONIZING radiation, which does not. Therefore the mechanism ELF EMFs might use to affect tissue is unknown, and inconsistent with our current understanding of EMFs. This is one major factor in the controversy. One group of scientists is saying, it is impossible for ELF EMFs to have any biological effect, another group is saying, look at the epidemiological evidence - something is going on, and we need to research it.
There is currently research being done on the relationship between exposure to Electro-Magnetic Fields (EMFs), and a number of diseases, including: depression, childhood leukemia, central nervous system cancer, melanoma, breast cancer, and others.
There are problems being encountered with the reproducability of many of the experiments in EMF Bioeffects research. Because our understanding of the interaction of EMFs with cellular biology is in it's infancy, it is difficult to be sure we are controlling all the right factors. Also when dealing with disease states that normally occur in 1 of 20,000 people, an almost absurd sample size is required to get statistically relevant figures; most, (if not all) research has not come close to using a large enough sample.
There are also problems encountered because this is inherantly a multi-disciplinary effort: in order to have a good understanding of what is occurring, the researcher must have cutting-edge knowledge in several unrelated disciplines. Molecular Biologists are usually not also Electrical Engineers, and vice versa. Therefore, each sides' attempt at understanding the issues involved is, at best, limited.
Personally, I am convinced there is something to this. However, it appears that statistically, the number of people affected is low. Statistics are a nice abstraction until something happens to you, your family, or friends; then it becomes a personal tragedy. You can't talk statistics with someone whose child was just hit by a car, or diagnosed with leukemia; maybe the real question here is - how civilized are we if we consider it acceptable to knowingly harm members of our communities so others can have electrical power at lower cost? We make laws to protect ourselves from automobiles, so why not laws based on more current research, to protect ourselves from electromagnetic fields? Instead, our federal government passes laws (telecommunications act) to aid rapid proliferation of these technologies (ie: cellular telephones) right at a time when there is an incredible amount of evidence that we should be taking a closer look at the issue of EMF Bioeffects.
Whatever your take on this issue, one thing is clear, as long as both sides are using questionable science, bombast, intimidation, and political influence to maintain stratified positions, answers will not come quickly. The meaning of research is hotly debated as each side rushes to put their spin on any research results. What frequently passes for "research" is simply a summary of a review of existing studies, in which the current researcher comes to different conclusions than the orignal researchers ...
Let's remember that some epidemiologists were convinced of a link between tobacco and cancer for decades before it really influenced public policy, (similarly for asbestos.) Such was the power of the tobacco industry, and were perhaps the shortcomings of public risk management. It is impossible to prove something is safe, a fact that is used to advantage every day by corporations that want to generate revenue by selling you unsafe products or services. However, just because you cannot currently prove otherwise, that does not mean that it is safe.
While it is a logical fallacy to equate "biological effect" with "harmful effect," it is equally fallacious to equate "not proven harmful" with "safe."
This is a highly emotionally-charged issue. Why?
This is not a good guys and bad guys issue, (at least I don't think it is.) There appear to be people of good conscience on both sides of the issue. It is very complex, both politically and technically. There is a lot at stake; a lot that is near and dear to people's hearts: family, health, jobs, money ...
When the people and organizations on each "side" of this issue are viewed collectively, we tend to remember the extremists, because those are the most high-profile entities. Maybe this tends to stratify the issue. What is important to keep in mind is that most people are probably closer to the center of the continuum on this issue.
There is a rumor that a National Council on Radiation Protection report in Washington that recommends a maximum permissible exposure limit for the general public of 2 milligauss will be suppressed. Fact, or fiction ? You tell me.
Here is an excerpt from EMF Health Effects, that may answer the above query:
- The latest official recognition of the health risk comes in a leaked [emphasis mine, ed.] United States National Council on Radiation Protection report funded by the Environmental Protection Agency and written by eleven leading American experts in EMFs. Bob Edwards, in the October 7, 1995 issue of New Scientist, writes that the report recommends an EMF safety limit of 2 mG (0.2 microteslas). He writes:
- "EPA officials say the report is the most comprehensive study ever on the health effects of low-frequency EMFs. Its findings represent a fundamental challenge to the electricity industry. The authors say that their recommendations, if accepted, could force `complex and costly' changes in society`s use of electricity.
- "The committee`s chairman, Ross Adey, a neurologist from the Veterans Affairs Medical Centre in Loma Linda, California, says there is now a `powerful body of impressive evidence' to suggest that very low exposure to EMFs has subtle, long-term effects on human health. `The sensitivity of the brain and its mechanisms to these fields is the key to understanding this issue,' he told New Scientist.
- "The report recommends that future developments adopt a safety limit of 0.2 microteslas, [2mG]. This is a very weak magnetic field, and stronger fields are common around electricity pylons and close to electrical appliances. New nurseries, schools and houses should not be built where EMF exposures breach that guideline, says the report, and power lines should be kept away from residential areas. Offices should be designed to keep workers'exposure from computers, photocopiers and printers below 0.2 microteslas."
- The final report is expected [emphasis mine, ed.] to be released to the public in late 1996 or 1997.
An article in Science (Vol. 269, 18 August 1995, p. 911) reported that "After spending nearly a decade reviewing the literature on electromagnetic fields (EMFs), a panel of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) has produced a draft report concluding that some health effects linked to EMFs such as cancer and immune deficiencies appear real and warrant steps to reduce EMF exposure... Biologists have failed to pinpoint a convincing mechanism of action."
The American College of Radiology
makes a statement on the release of preliminary NCRP information.
"Contrary to many erroneous sources of information, the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) has not
made recommendations on Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (ELF EMF), according to Charles Meinhold, NCRP president."
According to "Battling EMF Reports" in Environews: "A draft report of the National
Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) calls for exposure limits to minimize potential health hazards associated
with EMFs, but it's unclear whether the prematurely publicized recommendation will survive peer review."
And from the NCRP itself, a press release:
NCRP
NEWS RELEASE
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
October 11, 1995
NCRP Has No ELF EMF Recommendations
Contrary to many erroneous sources of information, the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) has not made recommendations on Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (ELF EMF). Draft material formulated by NCRP Scientific Committee 89-3 on ELF EMF has been improperly disseminated and does not reflect NCRP recommendation. When an NCRP scientific committee completes what it considers to be its final draft, the draft enters an extensive review process. This process generally follows the following scenario: (1) general peer review by several selected expert reviewers, (2) revision of the report based on the comments received, (3) review of the revised draft by the 75 NCRP members and approximately 50 organizations involved in the Council's program, (4) further revision of the report to address the comments proffered -- keeping in mind that the 75 Council members must be virtually unanimous in approval before a report can be issued. The draft report in question will soon be ready to enter step (1) above. Therefore, it has absolutely no standing at this time. Thus, it should not be copied, quoted, cited, or referenced outside of the NCRP. Considering the extensive nature of the review process, it is impossible to predict when the NCRP may have a report on the subject of ELF EMF and it is not possible to know the extent of recommendations that might be made.
One of the primary objectives set forth in the Congressional Charter of the NCRP is to collect, analyze, and disseminate information and recommendations about radiation protection and measurements. The unauthorized distribution of the current draft material is certainly not the sanctioned means of "disseminating" information. This situation makes evident the value of following NCRP's procedures, which for more than 60 years have served the public interest, and have proved effective in producing a consensus of the leading scientific thinking on matters of radiation protection and measurement. It is hoped that interested parties will ignore the improperly disseminated draft report material and allow the NCRP process to proceed.
The National Council on 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 800 Radiation Protection Bethesda, Maryland 20814-3095 and Measurements Telephone: (301) 657-2652 FAX: (301) 907-8768 E-mail: 73321.2461@CompuServe.com
Here are the links. Some you might use up in 15 minutes or half an hour, but others could take days of exploration ...
The list of links was getting kind of long for a straight alphabetic sort to be a useful form of organization. I divided it into arbitrary classifications. You can still just scroll down the list, within each group links are still alphabetically sorted.
Most of the descriptions are direct quotes from the page referenced by the link, (these are "double-quoted.")
Many of these sites are meta-sites with lists of links of their own.
If you are new to this issue, and don't know where to start, this is what I would suggest: read Power and the People. If microwaves are your thing, I highly recommend reading The Microwave Debate, by Nicholas Steneck, for a very informative history of the RFNIEMR Bioeffects controversy, (see the reading room for details.)
Where you see this
I am interested in providing links to sources of information for all sides of this
issue. If you know of any valuable links not represented here, please
e-mail me so I can include them.
I want to hear if this document contains any errors in fact, if you found it useful,
ignorant, arrogant, complete, lacking, fair, biased, silly, shocking, like yelling "FIRE" in a movie,
like making jokes at a funeral, whatever. E-mail me.
marker, this is a link that the author found to be of particular value if you are new to this issue, or your time is limited; you might want to start with these links. (This is not a rating system, that would not be fair to the sites I have not thoroughly investigated yet.)
Businesses and Professional Services
These links are provided by businesses or professionals offering products and/or services related to EMFs. Inclusion of commercial service providers is not an endorsement, but they have information of interest at their sites.
Environmental, Radiation & EMF Law, Providing Legal Services in EMF (and other environmental) litigation.
HAARP stands for High frequency Active Aroural Research Project.
"In another document prepared by the government, the U.S. Air Force
claims: 'The potential applications of artificial electromagnetic fields are
wide-ranging and can be used in many military or quasi-military situations...
Some of these potential uses include dealing with terrorist groups, crowd
control, controlling breaches of security at military installations, and
antipersonnel techniques in tactical warfare. In all of these cases the EM
(electromagnetic) systems would be used to produce mild to severe
physiological disruption or perceptual distortion or disorientation. [emphasis mine - ed.] In
addition, the ability of individuals to function could be degraded to such a
point that they would be combat ineffective. Another advantage of
electromagnetic systems is that they can provide coverage over large areas
with a single system. They are silent and countermeasures to them may be
difficult to develop...'" Rhetorical question: Does this sound like they don't know anything about EMF?
(Check out the Navy's official HAARP page.)
"Laboratory studies have shown that EMFs can affect living cells but it is unclear whether these effects are harmful. Some epidemiological studies have reported a possible link between EMF exposure and cancer. Other studies indicate that continuous exposure to levels as low as 2 milliGauss (mG) may be harmful. Current research is expected to provide more answers about potential health effects within the next few years. Until then, it's best to play it safe and know the level of EMFs in your home and work environment."
"The Model 412 is a battery powered, hand-held field meter used to measure magnetic fields around power lines, appliances, computers and other electrical equipment."
Microwave News
"Microwave News covers the health and safety issues related to exposure to electromagnetic radiation. Includes electromagnetic fields (EMFs) power lines, cellular phones and radar."
Midwest Today, April/May 1996 - Do High-Voltage Power Lines Cause Cancer?
"A growing body of scientific evidence suggests that invisible electromagnetic fields (EMFs) created by everything from high-voltage utility company lines to personal computers, microwave ov-ens, tvs and even electric blankets are linked to a frightening array of cancers and other serious health problems in children and adults."
"Disarming NIMBY with the facts: Field notes on explaining controversial technologies." Tools used by consultants to effectively deal with NIMBY factions.
"A leading manufacturer and marketer of electric and magnetic field shielding products for monitors, NoRad Corporation is recognized worldwide as a technically innovative company and as a reliable resource for information on the complex issues related to electromagnetic fields."
"Gaussmeters, instruments designed to measure ELF magnetic fields, are available in a wide range of prices, technical sophistication and ability to accurately measure magnetic field strength."
"The US Government is reluctant to set standards because, although many scientists have a strong opinions on the issue, no one has proven what those standards should be or what remedial actions would be effective. Of course, another huge factor is that any remedial action would be very expensive."
"Since 1972, Raines Electromagnetics has provided consulting services concerning electromagnetic fields, especially radiating and scattering systems. We perform on site measurements and/or custom numerical simulations. Our extensive experience applies to telecommunications, radar, radio and television broadcasting, power lines, and architectural electromagnetics."
"Concerned about ELF, EMF, Power Line & Computer VDT or CRT Radiation? Safe Technologies offers Ultra Low Radiation Computer Monitors and Gauss meters to measure fields at home, school and work."
ShieldWorks, founded in 1994 by Bruce Olive, is a company dedicated to developing and selling personal EMR shielding products for consumer use. Makers of CyberCap, copper/polyester baseball cap to shield your brain.
"Personal stress is a major health concern for many Americans. The medical community continually warns us about our high stress levels which are linked to faster aging, heart disease, and immune system deficiencies."
"How to Keep Your Child Safe from Lead, Asbestos, Pesticides, and Other Environmental Hazards" "This book should be required reading for every parent and pediatrician in America." --Paul Brodeur, author of The Great Power-Line Cover-up
"Electromagnetic fields concentrate radon decay products - new evidence in links with cancer published Wednesday 14th February 1996"
Provides engineering services related to EMF mitigation, etc.
A good, albeit technical, discussion of EMF Fundamentals targeted for those with some technical background.
Federal and Municipal Government Information
There is actually some pretty good information here. I haven't had time to review it all, but it looks pretty good. In particular, check out the San Diego Association of Governments link, (it is a very large document), I expect it makes interesting reading.
Appears to be mostly about ionizing radiation. "The Office of Human Radiation Experiments, established in March 1994, leads the Department of Energy's efforts to tell the agency's Cold War story of radiation research using human subjects. We have undertaken an intensive effort to identify and catalog relevant historical documents from DOE's 3.2 million cubic feet of records scattered across the country. Internet access to these resources is a key part of making DOE more open and responsive to the American public."
Environews National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences
Battling EMF Reports: "The debate on the health effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) rages as contradictory reports call for different standards. A draft report of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) calls for exposure limits to minimize potential health hazards associated with EMFs, but it's unclear whether the prematurely publicized recommendation will survive peer review. Meanwhile, on October 9 in Sweden, government researchers offered a somewhat different assessment of the EMF problem, saying health risks don't warrant exposure limits."
"RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: To learn whether exposure to low levels of microwave radiation can result in serious harm, particularly genetic damage. Specifically to investigate the sensitivity of cells and embryonic structures of pregnant mice to levels of microwave radiation that may occur in the FAA work environment."
FCC Cellular Fact Sheet Federal Communications Commission
"Cellular Telephony Facts: Information on human exposure to Radiofrequency Fields from Cellular Radio Transmitters." Actually has some good information.
"FCC Radiofrequency Energy Faqs."
"HAARP is a scientific endeavor aimed at studying the properties and behavior of the ionosphere, with particular emphasis on being able to understand and use it to enhance communications and surveillance systems for both civilian and defense purposes."
"ORNL's lab is one of just a handful that will do EMF replication studies. Paul Gailey of Energy Division cited ORNL's multidisciplinary strength and cooperation across programs and divisions as one factor in obtaining funding for the EMF lab. "This facility, one of just four in the nation, is a success story for the Laboratory Director's Research and Development Fund and for multidisciplinary collaboration," he said."
San Diego Association of Governments Wireless Communications Facilities Issues Paper
" This paper examines issues that local governments and the wireless communications industry currently face; provides an overview of the technical issues associated with wireless communications systems; reviews the regulatory framework of the wireless communications industry; and discusses health and safety issues. The paper also recommends guidelines to local governments in the San Diego region for use in developing their own local land use regulations for wireless communications facilities."
General Information
This is a good section to peruse if you are looking for an overview, or doing research on this issue. Some of these links have extensive information.
A list of many links, mostly to gopher servers, on a server maintained at State University of New York.
"The Soviets have led the way in learning about the risks of electropollution, and, as we have seen, they've apparently been the first to harness those dangers for malicious intent. However, the spectrum of potential weapons extends far beyond the limits of the Moscow signal, and Americans have been actively exploring some of them for many years. Most or all of the following EMR effects can be scaled up or down for use against individuals or whole crowds and armies..."
FAQs on EMF and Cancer Moderated by John Moulder
This FTP site has some very credible information in the form of FAQ lists, (Frequently Asked Questions.)
Has numerous links, check section on Non-Ionizing Radiation.
"Health Risks Associated With Residential Exposure to Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation." Roland J. Lamarine is Associate Professor of Health Education and Richard A. Narad is Assistant Professor of Health Services Administration, both in the Department of Health & Community Services at California State University, Chico, California
Visit Dr. Weil's EMF page at HotWired for a brief overview and his take on the controversy.
"QUEBEC, CANADA. Dr. Patrick Levallois, MD of the Public Health Center at Laval University reports on his study of the relationship between the exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) from power lines and the development of childhood leukemia (acute lymphoblastic leukemia). Dr. Levallois compared the results of nine published studies dealing with exposure to 50-Hz or 60-Hz magnetic fields from power lines. He concludes that children exposed to significant levels of EMF (>2 to 3 mG) have a 1.5 to 2.7 greater risk of developing leukemia than do children with insignificant exposure. Dr. Levallois recommends that measures for protecting people from 50-60 Hz EMF should be studied. In the meantime he advocates "prudent avoidance"; an approach also supported by the Swedish National Electrical Safety Board (IHN Feb.95). Levallois, Patrick. Do power frequency magnetic fields cause leukemia in children? American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Vol. 11, No. 4, July/August 1995, pp. 263-70"
"Databases, Documents, Electronic publications, Health Sciences, Societies and Associations, Occupational health and safety, Oncology, Public Health, Radiology and Imaging, Sites."
"Although the research regarding dangers from Electro-Magnetic Fields (EMF) is inconclusive, there are simple, low cost solutions that minimize EMF exposure for both new and existing houses."
"Clinical magnetic resonance imaging, as it is presently practiced, is associated with several types of potential health concerns that impact both the patients as well as the health practitioners themselves that work in and around this environment."
Power and the People Electromagnetic Fields and Health Hazards
"With the evidence that electromagnetic fields may harm humans still inconclusive, lawmakers and regulators are struggling to make sensible policy." Page originally published in the November/December 1991 issue of The Environmental Forum, (C) 1991 Environmental Law Institute.
Groups and Associations
These are links to Citzen's Groups and Trade Associations. Here is where you are likely to find the most stratified perspectives, but there is still some of the best information at some of these sites.
"Although Amateur Radio is basically a safe activity, in recent years there has been considerable discussion and concern about the possible hazards of electromagnetic radiation (EMR), including both RF energy and power frequency (50-60 Hz) electromagnetic fields."
"ACM Committee on Computers and Public Policy, Peter G. Neumann, moderator. The RISKS Forum is a moderated digest. Its USENET equivalent is comp.risks." Visit the ACM site. Check out a couple posts.
A report on current EMF Bioeffects, focused on ELF.
A extensive, up-to-date bibliography on EMF Bioeffects.
Absurd APS statement and some responses.
Cancer Journal Can Non-Ionizing Radiation Induce Cancer?
"At present, despite many epidemiological and laboratory studies, the EMF-cancer connection remains controversial. Extremely low frequency fields (ELF) and radiofrequency fields (RF) are of particular importance."
EMF-Link Information Ventures, Inc
A very good site, extensive. "EMF-Link provides substantive information on biological and health effects of electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) from common sources such as power lines, electrical wiring, appliances, medical equipment, communications facilities, cellular phones, and computers."
Funded by service providers like PG&E. Links directly to their EMF page.
A list of International links on a Swedish server maintained by an organization of people harmed by EMF exposure. Many links, most in English. "On this server you will find information in English and/or Swedish about the "Electrical Oversensitivity" or "Electrical Hypersensitivity" phenomenon."
"Electric and magnetic fields (EMF) is an invisible force that is characteristic of electricity. It is present whenever electricity is used--including near power lines or household electrical appliances such as can openers, electric clocks, computers, microwave ovens and hair dryers."
IEEE United States Activities Board: "Some research, conducted primarily within the last fifteen years, suggests that low-frequency electric and magnetic fields of relatively low intensity can influence biological systems."
"Dedicated to providing quality medical knowledge in order to foster better understanding"
"Before 1993, there were reports linking possible EMF exposure in the workplace with increased risks of leukemia and brain tumors among adults. Since 1993, there have been four major studies that included EMF measurements. All looked at occupational EMF exposure (two published in 1993 by U.S. and Swedish researchers, one in 1994 by a Canadian and French research team, and one in 1995 by American researchers)."
"Are you, or your family, suffering from chronic health problems ? including Leukaemia, cancer, depression, M.E., slow healing, electrical hypersensitivity (which can be a cause of headaches, lethargy, tingling skin, eye problems). Links have been shown between these problems and the electromagnetic fields in which you may be living." An interesting Who's Who of some EMF researchers.
"TCO (The Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees), consists of 1.3 million Swedish professionals, organised into 19 associations that work together to improve their members' working conditions. These 1.3 million members represent a wide variety of employees in both the public and private sectors."
"In June the PBS television series Frontline aired a show called "Currents of Fear," which dealt extensively with the subject of Paul Brodeur's book. The show features, among others, residents of Omaha, Nebraska, who perceive a correspondence between the incidence of cancer in their neighborhood and the presence of power lines. The program's treatment of the whole issue was so enlightening that it's worthwhile to present here some major excerpts from the transcript. The transcript reveals the nature of the fears of people like the Omaha group and the difficulty the scientific community has in dealing with those fears."
Many interesting related links on: NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard), Environmental Law, and Eminent Domain.
Research Sites
These are links to sites where they actually do EMF-bioeffects related research.
"Battelle-Northwest's EMF team has been responsible for developing many of the now-standard experimental and epidemiologic techniques for EMF research."
Biomagnetics and Iron Biomineralization Group research projects and links to other Biomineralization research sites.
"The Loma Linda University Cancer Institute was established in 1991 in response to the growing need for a cancer center in California's Inland Empire that would be a national leader in cancer treatment, research, and education. A new 139,000 square-foot cancer research building, scheduled for completion in 1997, will house modern, state-of-the-art laboratory space."
Fact sheets on various cancers, including ALL, various other leukemias, central nervous system cancer, and melanoma.
"ORNL's lab is one of just a handful that will do EMF replication studies. Paul Gailey of Energy Division cited ORNL's multidisciplinary strength and cooperation across programs and divisions as one factor in obtaining funding for the EMF lab. "This facility, one of just four in the nation, is a success story for the Laboratory Director's Research and Development Fund and for multidisciplinary collaboration," he said."
Questions, problems, outdated links, errors, e-mail to rbedard@cruzio.com
What other visitors have said about WaveGuide: Visitor Feedback
Would you like to see a brief Selected Reading List?
About
different people have visited since this Web-counter was installed 4.6.96
Last revised 1.26.97 -- moved to Wave-Guide.org Archives December 1999